Problem: The October 2017 term had a low rate of unanimous rulings, with only 39% of the cases decided by unanimous rulings, the lowest percentage since the October 2008 term when 30% of rulings were unanimous. Chief Justice Roberts was in the majority most often (68 out of 73 cases, or 93.2%), with retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy in second (67 out of 73 cases, or 91.8%); this was typical of the Roberts Court, in which Roberts and Kennedy have been in the majority most frequently in all terms except for the 2013 and 2014 terms (though Kennedy was in the top on both those terms). Justice Sotomayor was the justice least likely to be in the majority (in 50 out of 73 cases, or 68.5%). The highest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Sotomayor, who agreed on 95.8% of the cases, followed by Thomas and Alito agreeing on 93% of cases. There were 19 cases that were decided by a 5-4 vote (26% of the total cases); 74% of those cases (14 out of 19) broke along ideological lines, and for the first time in the Roberts Court, all of those resulted in a conservative majority, with Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch on the majority.

How many cases was Kennedy not in the majority?
Answer: 6

Problem: Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Packers the 49ers played on home ground for an NFC West rivalry match against the Seahawks. The 49ers took the lead first with QB Alex Smith completing a 42-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis, but the Seahawks replied with QB Matt Hasselbeck throwing an 11-yard TD pass to WR Ruvell Martin. The 49ers made a large scoring rally to increase their lead when kicker Jeff Reed hit a 33 and a 44-yard field goal, followed by Smith completing a 15 and a 62-yard TD pass to Josh Morgan and Brian Westbrook respectively. This was followed by Reed making a 22-yard field goal, and in the third quarter with FS Dashon Goldson returning an interception 39 yards for a touchdown. After that, Reed nailed a 36-yard field goal to put the 49ers up 40-7. The lead was broken down with RB Leon Washington returning the kickoff 92 yards for a touchdown, followed in the 4th quarter by QB Matt Hasselbeck getting a 2-yard TD pass to WR Deon Butler.

How many yards longer was Alex Smiths first touchdown pass compared to Matt Hasselbecks first touchdown pass?
Answer: 31

Problem: In 1344, Momchil, the independent Bulgarian ruler of the Rhodope and Aegean regions, whose army grew to 2,000 men, took an important role in the Byzantine civil war. While at first he supported John Kantakouzenos, from the spring of 1344 Momchil reneged, provoked by the aggression of the Ottoman allies. In June he defeated the Ottoman fleet near the Portogalos bay. According to sources, at night the Bulgarian ruler sent boats to burn the anchored Ottoman ships and soon after he defeated the army of Kantakouzenos at Mosynopolis. Probably the first local ruler to become aware of the impending Ottoman threat, Momchil unsuccessfully pleaded with the emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium for help. Even though his troops continued the resistance in the Eastern Rhodopes, in May 1345 the Turks led by Umur Beg marched from Asia Minor and devastated Bulgarian territories driving away people and livestock. Soon after, on 7 July 1345, Ottoman forces under Umur Beg defeated Momchil's army in the battle of Peritor near his capital Xanthi. Sources attest that the independent ruler perished in the battle without leaving asuccessor, and with little political will or leadership left to counter the Ottoman invasion.

How many years span these events?
Answer: 1

Problem: Hoping to rebound from their divisional home loss to the Redskins, the Eagles flew to Candlestick Park for a Week 5 Sunday night duel with the San Francisco 49ers.  Kevin Kolb was back under center for the eagles in this game .Philadelphia trailed early in the first quarter as 49ers quarterback Alex Smith completed a 7-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Michael Crabtree, yet the Eagles responded with quarterback Kevin Kolb finding tight end Brent Celek on an 8-yard touchdown pass.  Philadelphia would take the lead in the second quarter as kicker David Akers booted a 33-yard field goal, followed a 39-yard touchdown run from running back LeSean McCoy.  Afterwards, San Francisco would close out the half with a 50-yard field goal from kicker Joe Nedney.  After a scoreless third quarter, the Eagles added onto their lead in the fourth quarter as safety Quintin Mikell returned a fumble 52 yards for a touchdown.  The 49ers began to rally as Smith connected a 7-yard touchdown pass to tight end Vernon Davis, yet Akers came right back as he gave Philadelphia a 45-yard field goal.  San Francisco tried to rally as Smith completed a 1-yard touchdown pass to running back Frank Gore, yet Philadelphia's defense held on to preserve the victory.

How many points did the 49ers score in the fourth quarter?
Answer:
7