TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a question, along with three passages, 1, 2, and 3. Your job is to determine which passage can be used to answer the question by searching for further information using terms from the passage. Indicate your choice as 1, 2, or 3.
PROBLEM: Question: How old was Tony Benn the year that he beat Malcolm St. Clair in the London County Council elections, in Islington East? Passage 1:A major proponent of representative government was Itagaki Taisuke, a powerful leader of Tosa forces who had resigned from his Council of State position over the Korean affair in 1873. Itagaki sought peaceful rather than rebellious means to gain a voice in government. Such movements were called The Freedom and People's Rights Movement. He started a movement aimed at establishing a constitutional monarchy and a national assembly. Itagaki and others wrote the Tosa Memorial in 1874 criticizing the unbridled power of the oligarchy and calling for the immediate establishment of representative government. Dissatisfied with the pace of reform after having rejoined the Council of State in 1875, Itagaki organized his followers and other democratic proponents into the nationwide Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) to push for representative government in 1878. In 1881, in an action for which he is best known, Itagaki helped found the Jiyūtō (Liberal Party), which favored French political doctrines. In 1882 Ōkuma Shigenobu established the Rikken Kaishintō (Constitutional Progressive Party), which called for a British-style constitutional democracy. In response, government bureaucrats, local government officials, and other conservatives established the Rikken Teiseitō (Imperial Rule Party), a pro-government party, in 1882. Numerous political demonstrations followed, some of them violent, resulting in further government political restrictions. The restrictions hindered the political parties and led to divisiveness within and among them. The Jiyūtō, which had opposed the Kaishintō, was disbanded in 1884, and Ōkuma resigned as Kaishintō president.
 Passage 2:The Sex Pistols evolved from the Strand, a London band formed in 1972 with working-class teenagers Steve Jones on vocals, Paul Cook on drums and Wally Nightingale on guitar. According to a later account by Jones, both he and Cook played on instruments they had stolen. Early line-ups of the Strand—sometimes known as the Swankers—also included Jim Mackin on organ and Stephen Hayes (and later, briefly, Del Noones) on bass. The band members regularly hung out at two clothing shops on the King's Road in Chelsea, London: John Krivine and Steph Raynor's Acme Attractions (where Don Letts worked as manager) and Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die. McLaren's and Westwood's shop had opened in 1971 as Let It Rock, with a 1950s revival Teddy Boy theme. It had been renamed in 1972 to focus on another revival trend, the rocker look associated with Marlon Brando. As John Lydon later observed, "Malcolm and Vivienne were really a pair of shysters: they would sell anything to any trend that they could grab onto." The shop became a focal point of the punk rock scene, bringing together participants such as the future Sid Vicious, Marco Pirroni, Gene October, and Mark Stewart, among many others. Jordan, the wildly styled shop assistant, is credited with "pretty well single-handedly paving the punk look".
 Passage 3:In 1955, he stood unsuccessfully as a Conservative candidate at the London County Council elections, in Islington East. At the 1959 general election he stood as Conservative candidate in Bristol South East, but he lost to the sitting Labour Member of Parliament Tony Benn (then known as Anthony Wedgwood Benn), whose majority was nearly 6,000 votes. However, in November 1960 Benn's father died and Benn inherited his peerage as Viscount Stansgate, with an automatic seat in the House of Lords. This disqualified Benn from sitting in the House of Commons, triggering a by-election on 4 May 1961. Benn, who wished to be allowed to disclaim his peerage, defied his inability to sit in the Commons by standing at the election, and he and St Clair were the only two candidates. St Clair's campaign displayed posters near every polling station warning voters that Benn was disqualified and that any votes for him would have no effect. Benn nevertheless won the election with nearly 70% of the votes and an increased majority of over 13,000. However, an Election Court considered what to do about the result, found that Benn was disqualified from being elected and that the voters were aware of this, and awarded the seat to St. Clair as the only duly qualified candidate. (At the time, St Clair was himself Master of Sinclair – heir presumptive (1957–1968) to his second cousin Charles St Clair, 17th Lord Sinclair, one of the representative peers for Scotland in the House of Lords.)


SOLUTION: 3

PROBLEM: Question: What year was the university Lawrence Lessig taught at founded? Passage 1:Promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1852, and colonel (and commanding officer of the 5th Uhlans) in 1853, Manteuffel was sent on important diplomatic missions to Vienna and St Petersburg. In 1857 he was promoted to major-general and chief of the Prussian Military Cabinet (the King's military advisers). He gave strong support to the Prince Regent's plans for the reorganization of the army. In 1861 he was violently attacked in a pamphlet by Karl Twesten (1820–1870), a Liberal leader, whom he had wounded in a duel, for which Manteuffel insisted on being briefly imprisoned. He was promoted to lieutenant-general for the coronation of William I on 18 October 1861 and saw active service in that rank in the Danish War of 1864, then at its conclusion was appointed civil and military governor of Schleswig. In the Austrian War of 1866 he first occupied Holstein and afterwards commanded a division under Vogel von Falkenstein in the Hanoverian campaign, then in July succeeded Vogel in command of the Army of the Main.
 Passage 2:Remix culture, sometimes read-write culture, is a society that allows and encourages derivative works by combining or editing existing materials to produce a new creative work or product. A remix culture would be, by default, permissive of efforts to improve upon, change, integrate, or otherwise remix the work of copyright holders. While a common practice of artists of all domains throughout human history, the growth of exclusive copyright restrictions in the last several decades limits this practice more and more by the legal chilling effect. In reaction, Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig who considers remixing a desirable concept for human creativity has worked since the early 2000s on a transfer of the remixing concept into the digital age. Lessig founded the Creative Commons in 2001 which released Licenses as tools to enable remix culture again, as remixing is legally prevented by the default exclusive copyright regime applied currently on intellectual property. The remix culture for cultural works is related to and inspired by the earlier Free and open-source software for software movement, which encourages the reuse and remixing of software works.
 Passage 3:Sabita Devi (1914–1965) was a Hindi film actress in Indian cinema. She is stated to be one of the "prominent" leading ladies of the "pioneering era" of Indian cinema along with Mehtab, Bibbo, Durga Khote, Gohar, Devika Rani and Seeta Devi. A Jewess by birth, she changed her name to find acceptability in Hindi cinema like the other Anglo-Indian and Jewish actresses of her time, Sulochana (Ruby Myers), Seeta Devi (Renee Smith), Madhuri (Beryl Claessen), and Manorama (Erin Daniels). After initially working with British Dominion Films Ltd., Calcutta, she shifted to Bombay and performed mainly in films produced by Sagar Movietone with her co-star in most films being Motilal. Some of the popular films with Motilal were Dr. Madhurika (1935) and Kulvadhu (1937) directed by Sarvottam Badami. Their first film together was Shaher Ka Jadoo (1934), which was also Motilal's debut film, and then Lagna Bandhan (1936) both directed by Kaliprasad Ghosh. She acted in Silver King (1935) with Motilal. It was an action film directed by C. M. Luhar, which became a "huge success".


SOLUTION: 2

PROBLEM: Question: How many casualties combined where in the two wars where the Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun gained most of its fame from? Passage 1:The Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun was an anti-tank gun designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors in the early 1930s originally for Swedish use. It was exported to several countries during the 1930's of which several bought licences to produce it themselves. The gun was used in several conflicts but most of its fame comes from its use in the Spanish civil war and the Winter war where it was used very successfully against light tanks and armored cars among other targets. Beyond its use as an infantry gun it was also used as the main armament in several armored cars and tanks such as the Dutch M39 Pantserwagen and the Polish 7TP to name a few. As the armor of tanks was increased during World War II the gun very quickly became obsolete as an anti-tank gun but was still used effectively as an infantry support gun for the entirety of the war, and well into the Cold War. This was due to its high fire rate, great mobility and effective high explosive shells.
 Passage 2:The Arcore was designed at the Centro Volo a Vela (CVV), or Experimental Soaring Centre, of the Royal Polytechnic of Milan by Gildo Preti. It was the third glider to be designed and built there and had a close resemblance to the first of them, the CVV 1 Pinguino. Both were wood and fabric single seat competition gliders, cantilever monoplanes with mid-mounted gull wings. The wings in particular were very similar in all respects apart from the Arcore's greater span. They were built around a single spar, with a plywood covered D-box ahead of it and fabric behind. In plan, they had a constant chord centre section, filling about a third of the span, and outer sections with taper on both leading and trailing edges ending in semi-elliptical tips. The centre section had positive dihedral but there was none on the outer panels. Ailerons occupied the whole of these outer panels, hinged parallel to the trailing edge. Short span airbrakes extended upwards only, mounted just behind the spar at the outer ends of the centre section.
 Passage 3:Noyes served on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from November 1865 to June 1866, at Fort Riley, Kansas from June 1866 to March 13, 1867, at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory from May 1 to November 1867, and at the newly established Fort D. A. Russell, Dakota Territory from November 17, 1867 to June 1868, during which time he was on a leave of absence from December 15, 1867 to March 28, 1868. He served at Fort McPherson, Nebraska from July 1868 to May 1869 and in the field to November 1869, at Omaha Barracks, Nebraska to April 1870, and at Medicine Bow, Nebraska until November 1870. Noyes was stationed at Fort Sanders, Wyoming Territory until March 1874, during which time he escorted engineers making a reconnoissance of northwestern Wyoming from June 4 to September 27, 1873. He returned to Fort Laramie from March to October 1874 before again being stationed at Fort Sanders until May 3, 1875. Noyes went on a leave of absence from May 3 to July 23, 1875, and then was a witness before civil court until September 2, 1875. He returned to frontier duty and was assigned to Fort Laramie from October 1875 until early 1876, when he was ordered to move his Company I of the 2nd Cavalry to Fort Fetterman, Wyoming Territory, in order to participate in the Big Horn Expedition of March 1-27, 1876. During this campaign Noyes was given command of the 3rd Battalion, consisting of Companies I and K of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of Powder River in Montana Territory. Upon returning to Fort Laramie, Noyes would be court-martialed for his actions during the battle in unsaddling his company and therefore rendering it unable to support the remainder of the command fighting in the village. He was found guilty on May 2, but allowed to rejoin his regiment and command a five-company battalion of the 2nd Cavalry during on Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition from May 23 to October 28, 1876, being engaged in the Battle of Prairie Dog Creek on June 9 and the Battle of Rosebud on June 17, 1876. Noyes was posted to Fort D. A. Russell from November 8, 1876 to January 13, 1877, at Fort Fred Steele from January 14 to September 23, 1877, and at the newly established Fort Keogh, Montana Territory from October 24, 1877 to August 15, 1878, during which time he was on a leave of absence from March 14 to April 25, 1878. Noyes served on Mounted Recruiting Service from October 1878 to September 30, 1879 and was promoted Major, 4th Cavalry effective June 14, 1879. He was in command of a battalion at Fort Garland, California from December 1, 1879 to March 12, 1880, of Fort Hays, Kansas until May 30, 1880, of a battalion in the field in New Mexico Territory until November 6, 1880, and again of Fort Hays, Kansas until July 20, 1881. Noyes was transferred to Fort Elliott, Texas until November 1881, to Fort Craig, New Mexico Territory to March 27, 1883, in command of a battalion in the field until April 8, 1883, again at Fort Craig until June 28, 1883, and at Fort Wingate, New Mexico Territory to June 13, 1884. He was in command of Fort McDowell, Arizona Territory until June, 1886, stationed at Tucson, Arizona until October 1886, in command of Fort Lowell, Arizona until November 30, 1888, and at Fort Bowie until July 1890. Major Noyes was then transferred to the northwest, serving at Fort Walla Walla, Washington until August 1890, and at Boisé Barracks, Idaho on July 1, 1891. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the 5th Cavalry on July 1, 1891 and served in that capacity at Fort Supply, Indian Territory from November 1891 to August 1892 before being transferred to his old regiment, the 2nd Cavalry, on August 12, 1892. Noyes served with the 2nd at Fort Huachuca, Arizona until August 1893, at Fort Wingate, New Mexico until September 1894, at Fort Logan, Colorado, until November 1895, and again at Fort Wingate until April 17, 1898. Lieutenant Colonel Noyes was serving there when the Spanish American War broke out in the spring of 1898.


SOLUTION:
1