TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a question, along with three passages, 1, 2, and 3. Your job is to determine which passage can be used to answer the question by searching for further information using terms from the passage. Indicate your choice as 1, 2, or 3.
PROBLEM: Question: Of Bringham City FC's two League Cup-winning years, which had more points? Passage 1:Đorđević was born in Belgrade to a prominent Serbian family. When he was a law student, the Germans invaded Yugoslavia during World War II and he joined the resistance movement of Dragoljub Mihailovic. Đorđević was captured by the Germans and was imprisoned, ultimately in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Austria. He survived the war, but was in turn imprisoned by the communist regime in post World War II Yugoslavia. After he was pardoned and released, Đorđević was eventually allowed to commence study at the University of Belgrade, where he was a student of Vaso Čubrilović (one of the members of the Young Bosnia who conspired to assassinate Franz Ferdinand which led to the outbreak of World War I). Đorđević was awarded his doctorate in 1962. In 1970, Đorđević took up a position as a Full Professor of History at the University of California, Santa Barbara, joining a strong faculty in European History including Joachim Remak, Frank J. Frost, Leonard Marsak, Alfred Gollin, and C. Warren Hollister. He was elected a member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts in 1985. A popular undergraduate lecturer and graduate mentor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1992 many of his former students contributed to his Festschrift entitled Scholar, Patriot, Mentor: Historical Essays in Honor of Dimitrije Djordjevic. In retirement, Đorđević published his autobiography, Scars and Memory: Four Lives in One Lifetime, describing his World War II and post World War II experiences. Professor Đorđević died in Santa Barbara on March 5, 2009.
 Passage 2:Born in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1977, her father was a police criminal investigator who died of torture and lack of access to medical care due to political and clan-based violence when Mire was 12. After this traumatic experience, in 1991, she fled Somalia with her mother and siblings on a relative's lorry during the Somali Civil War. Mire and her identical twin, Sohur, emigrated to Sweden where an older sister lived and received asylum. The twins later moved to the United Kingdom to study. Mire studied Scandinavian pre-history and archaeozoology at Lund University in Sweden before receiving a BA degree in History of Art/Archaeology of Africa and Asia at SOAS, University of London in 2005, and subsequently an MA in African Archaeology in 2006 and PhD degree in Archaeology in 2009 at University College London.
 Passage 3:As Small Heath, they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division. The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s. They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955–56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final. Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals, in 1960, as the first English club side to reach a major European final, and again the following year. They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011. Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history: the longest period spent outside the top division, between 1986 and 2002, included two brief spells in the third tier of English football, during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice.


SOLUTION: 3

PROBLEM: Question: In what year was the order of monks that was in opposition to the Scythian monks who brought their case before Emperor Justin I founded? Passage 1:Canadian singer-songwriter, producer and pianist Chantal Kreviazuk has written, produced and performed on albums and tracks for a wide range recording artists, spanning from adult contemporary, pop, rock, to indie and hip-hop music. Initially, she began writing her own pop songs, especially after a 1994 motorcycle accident in Italy left her immobile for several months, and was signed by Sony Canada, where she released her debut album in June 1997. Chantal later released another album in 1999, before being featured in a range of soundtracks to films and TV series. Chantal began writing for other artists in 2001, where she co-wrote the song "Always and Forever" for Eleanor McCain. However, it was only in 2004 that Chantal started writing for more artists and received recognition as a songwriter. In the summer of 2003, Chantal met Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne, they formed a relationship of mutual respect and sisterhood, and eventually became songwriting partners. They co-wrote six songs for Lavigne's sophomore album, Under My Skin (2004): "Slipped Away," "Forgotten," "Together," "How Does It Feel," "He Wasn't" and "Who Knows." Kreviazuk described "He Wasn't" as "a super-fun, punk, screw-you-to-boys song," while "Forgotten" is a driving rock song inspired by similarly vibed music Lavigne was consumed with at the time. Also in 2004, Chantal co-wrote "Rich Girl", for Gwen Stefani's solo debut album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", along with Dr. Dre, Jerry Bock, Mark Batson, Kara DioGuardi, Mike Elizondo, Sheldon Harnick and Eve. The song became a chart success, reaching the top-ten in over fifteen countries. Chantal also wrote for Kelly Clarkson's breakthrough album "Breakaway" in the end of 2004, sharing writing credits for the tracks "Where is Your Heart" and "Walk Away". In 2005, Chantal's co-writing song "He Wasn't" was released as Lavigne's final single from "Under My Skin", receiving a moderate impact on the charts and reaching only the top-forty in some countries. While in 2006, Clarkson's "Walk Away" was released as "Breakaway"'s final single, reaching the top-twenty in some countries.
 Passage 2:The monks initially won the support of Vitalian, an East Roman general who was the magister militum of Thrace and the leader of a powerful pro-Chalcedonian rebellion against Emperor Anastasius I, who was a convinced Monophysite. Vitalian was a native of Scythia Minor and one of the Scythian monks was a relative of his. The rebellion started in 512, when a nearly identical formula to that of the Scythian monks, added to the Trisagion in the liturgy of Hagia Sophia, was removed by Emperor Anastasius II. The rebellion continued until 515, when Vitalian was defeated and forced to go into hiding. By the reign of Anastasius' successor, Justin I, orthodoxy extended even to the army: soldiers were ordered to subscribe to the creed of Chalcedon or be deprived of their rations. At the beginning of the year 519, a delegation of Scythian monks traveled to Constantinople under the leadership of John Maxentius to bring their case before Emperor Justin I, proposing a new solution by arguing in favor of their formula. They were fiercely opposed by legates from Rome and by the Sleepless Monks (so-called for their around-the-clock prayer in eight-hour shifts) ironically, in trying to combat the Eutychian tendencies of the Scythian monks, the Sleepless Monks themselves shifted into Nestorianism, and were excommunicated by Pope John II for this). Faced with this opposition, the Scythian monks' view was that although the Chalcedonian definition (strongly supported by Rome) was indeed an orthodox expression of the faith, it was susceptible to a Nestorian misinterpretation which would in effect split Christ into two persons despite the verbal acknowledgment that Christ has only one person. The Scythian monks' proposal was not well received, mainly because of the timing: the monks arrived in Constantinople just as the emperor Justin I was negotiating an end to the Acacian schism. This split between Rome and Constantinople originated in 484 when Pope Felix III excommunicated Acacius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, for attempting to evade the council of Chalcedon in his attempt to bring the Monophysites back under control. Acacius had advised Emperor Zeno to issue a statement, the Henotikon (the "act of union"; 482), which was an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of Orthodoxy and of Monophysitism. But the Henotikon failed to insist upon Chalcedon as the standard of orthodoxy, and the Council of Chalcedon, because of its endorsement of the Tome of Pope Leo I, had become a mark of the prestige of the Roman See. Acacius's apparent attempt to ignore Chalcedon was seen as an insult against Rome's claim to be the gold standard of orthodoxy. By the time the monks arrived in Constantinople, the political landscape changed and Emperor Justin's policies were directed more to the west than to the east where the Monophysites were dominant. This policy led him, in 519, to accede to Rome's demand that Chalcedon be the official christological confession of the empire. He received the emissaries from Rome in triumphal procession, and Patriarch John of Constantinople signed documents ending the thirty-five-year-old schism. Thus, when the Scythian monks arrived on the scene urging that the resolutions of Chalcedon needed to be supplemented with their Theopaschite formula, no one was willing to listen. The Scythian monks' views were interpreted as an attack on the Council of Chalcedon and thus a threat to the newly established reunion between Rome and Constantinople. A bishop from North Africa named Possessor, who was in Constantinople at the same time as the Scythian monks, also opposed their christological position by citing Faustus of Riez, whom the Scythian monks accused of the Pelagian heresy.
 Passage 3:A.F.K. Organski was born in Rome, Italy. As a youth, he attended the Ginnasio Liceo Torquato Tasso. He went to the United States fleeing the anti-Jewish laws of the Benito Mussolini regime and later served with the American armed forces in the Pacific theater from 1943 to 1945. After World War II, he settled in New York City, where he became an American citizen in 1944 and earned his B.A. (1947), M.A. (1948), and Ph.D. (1951) degrees from New York University. In 1952 he started teaching at the Brooklyn College, moving in 1964 to the University of Michigan, where he became professor of political science and senior research scientist in the Institute for Social Research. He co-founded Decision Insights, a consulting firm focused on introducing scientific rigor to the execution of policy and decision making in government and business.


SOLUTION: 2

PROBLEM: Question: What is the surface area of the body of water that the Royal Navy secured the approaches to after the outbreak of the First World War?   Passage 1:USS Sachem was originally commanded by Captain H. W. Morris, the former U.S. Navy commander of New Orleans, and was armed with one 20 lb (0.91 kg) parrott rifle and four 32 pounder (15 kg) cannons. The size of her crew was about fifty; she had also participated in several other historic naval engagements such as Hampton Roads and the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Captain Morris is not believed to have fought in this battle. Lieutenant Amos Johnson commanded Sachem. Lieutenant John W. Kittredge was in charge of Arthur, which held over eighty men and was armed with six 32 pounder smooth-bore guns. Kittredge commanded the flotilla and Arthur was the flagship of the force. Corypheus mounted one 30 lb (14 kg) rifled gun and one 24 pounder (11 kg) howitzer. She had a crew of twenty-eight men and was commanded by Acting Master A. T. Spear. Bella Italias armament and crew are not known. Reindeer mustered six 24 pounder howitzers. Little is known of the Confederate ships.
 Passage 2:The two premaxillae are very long and run up over the snout to meet the prefrontals at the orbit. At the anterior tip they are narrow and triangular in cross-section. They form the classic rhynchosaurian beak, and there is evidence on the fossil showing that it was probably covered by a keratinous sheath. The maxilla carries a massive tooth plate and has numerous foramina for nerves and blood vessels to reach the gums through. Many of the posterior and lateral teeth are unworn from use, unlike the more anterior teeth which have been worn smooth. The nasal bones are large, but no wider than the frontals. They form a pointed posterior tip with a strong zigzag suture. The lacrimal ducts are clearly visible next to the orbit, while the lacrimal bones form much of the interior surface of the orbit. The prefrontal forms a thick eyebrow ridge, possibly as protection from predators. The jugal is complex, with four branches, and forms the anterior and ventral margins of the lower temporal fenestra. The dorsal branch forms a strong pillar behind the orbit, which has a more pronounced crest than other rhynchosaurs. The frontals are very long, and form a dish shape posteriorly. The postfrontal is triangular and forms part of the back of the orbit. The parietals are fused and have a high narrow ridge dorsally, with lateral wings extending across the upper temporal fenestrae. The postorbitals are roughly T-shaped, with three branches. Unlike Late Triassic forms, Fodonyx has a supratemporal bone. The quadratojugal and quadrate are mainly missing. One squamosal is preserved, forming much of the posterior margin of the skull. Much of the palate is intact, although the vomeronasals are quite degraded due to their length and thinness. The palatines form most of the borders of the choana. The pterygoids are very large and have three main processes, all broad and flat. The ectopterygoids are very small and hidden in palatal view. Small fragments of the hyoids are preserved, with a circular cross section and lateral striations. The basioccipital is short and attached to the narrow basisphenoid. The occipital condyle is hemispherical. Much of the detail on the paraoccipital is hard to make out due to difficulties of preparation. Only the anterior portions of the lower jaw are well preserved, but it has the typical rhynchosaur shape, curving up to the anterior tip. Teeth are mainly obscured as the jaws are tightly shut. The splenial is narrow except at the tip where it supports the symphyseal plate.
 Passage 3:After the outbreak of the First World War, a priority for the Royal Navy was to secure the approaches to the English Channel, to prevent elements of the German High Seas Fleet from breaking out into the Atlantic, or from interfering with British maritime trade and convoys to the continent. Most of the major fleet units of the Grand Fleet had dispersed to the navy's anchorage at Scapa Flow or to other North Eastern ports to monitor the northern route from the North Sea into the Atlantic. Consequently, a number of patrol flotillas were organised along the south and east coasts of England, with commands established at several of the major ports in the region. The Dover Patrol was based at Dover, consisting mostly of destroyers, while a number of pre-dreadnoughts and cruisers were based at Portland Harbour. A large number of destroyers, flotilla leaders and light cruisers were centred at Harwich, under the command of Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt.


SOLUTION:
3