Detailed Instructions: In this task, you're given a question, along with three passages, 1, 2, and 3. Your job is to determine which passage can be used to answer the question by searching for further information using terms from the passage. Indicate your choice as 1, 2, or 3.
Q: Question: When the pope of the Roman Catholic church issued the papal bull that absolved Catholics of obligations to government, how old was he? Passage 1:The ancient Egyptians began dividing the night into  at some time before the compilation of the Dynasty V Pyramid Texts in the 24thcentury. By 2150 (Dynasty IX), diagrams of stars inside Egyptian coffin lids—variously known as "diagonal calendars" or "star clocks"—attest that there were exactly 12 of these. Clagett writes that it is "certain" this duodecimal division of the night followed the adoption of the Egyptian civil calendar, usually placed on the basis of analyses of the Sothic cycle, but a lunar calendar presumably long predated this and also would have had twelve months in each of its years. The coffin diagrams show that the Egyptians took note of the heliacal risings of 36 stars or constellations (now known as "decans"), one for each of the ten-day "weeks" of their civil calendar. (12 sets of alternate "triangle decans" were used for the 5 epagomenal days between years.) Each night, the rising of eleven of these decans were noted, separating the night into twelve divisions whose middle terms would have lasted about 40minutes each. (Another seven stars were noted by the Egyptians during the twilight and predawn periods, although they were not important for the hour divisions.) The original decans used by the Egyptians would have fallen noticeably out of their proper places over a span of several centuries. By the time of (), the priests at Karnak were using water clocks to determine the hours. These were filled to the brim at sunset and the hour determined by comparing the water level against one of its twelve gauges, one for each month of the year. During the New Kingdom, another system of decans was used, made up of 24 stars over the course of the year and 12 within any one night.
 Passage 2:PA 103 reaches the residential community of Mattawana, where it passes through two S-curves to the northwest before making a turn to the east at the intersection with John Street, which heads west across the Juniata River to the borough of McVeytown. The route passes through an S-curve to the southeast and runs through farmland, making a turn to the northeast. The road runs through more rural land and winds east, turning northeast to pass through the community of Pine Glen. PA 103 continues northeast through the community of Longfellow before the Juniata River and Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line closely parallel the road to the northwest, with Blue Mountain located to the southeast of the road. The route enters Granville Township and the river and railroad line head further away from the road as it passes through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes a short distance northwest of Blue Mountain. Farther northeast, PA 103 runs north-northeast through forests with some homes east of the Juniata River. The river curves to the west and the route runs northeast through wooded areas with homes, coming to an intersection with the western terminus of PA 333. Past this intersection, the road heads north-northwest through forests and forms the border between Granville Township to the west and the borough of Juniata Terrace to the east. PA 103 turns northeast onto Delaware Avenue and passes between homes and some businesses to the northwest and woodland to the southeast. The route turns north and leaves Juniata Terrace for Granville Township again as it comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line a short distance east of the Lewistown station serving Amtrak's Pennsylvanian train in the community of Lewistown Junction. The road passes north-northwest through residential and commercial areas in Lewistown Junction as an unnamed road, crossing a Juniata Valley Railroad line. PA 103 curves north and crosses the Juniata River into the borough of Lewistown, where it immediately comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 22 Bus.
 Passage 3:More than 300 Roman Catholics were put to death by English governments between 1535 and 1681 for treason, thus for secular rather than religious offenses. In 1570, Pope Pius V issued his papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which absolved Catholics from their obligations to the government. This dramatically worsened the situation of the Catholics in England. English governments continued to fear the fictitious Popish Plot. The 1584 Parliament of England, declared in "An Act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons" that the purpose of Jesuit missionaries who had come to Britain was "to stir up and move sedition, rebellion and open hostility". Consequently, Jesuit priests like Saint John Ogilvie were hanged. This somehow contrasts with the image of the Elizabethan era as the time of William Shakespeare, but compared to the antecedent Marian Persecutions there is an important difference to consider. Mary I of England had been motivated by a religious zeal to purge heresy from her land, and during her short reign from 1553 to 1558 about 290 Protestants had been burned at the stake for heresy, whereas Elizabeth I of England "acted out of fear for the security of her realm."

A:
3