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Research - Papers

Explore a selection of our published work on a variety of key research challenges in AI.

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ACE2: accurately learning subseasonal to decadal atmospheric variability and forced responses

Oliver Watt‐MeyerBrian HennJeremy McGibbonChristopher S. Bretherton
2025
NPG Climate and Atmospheric Science

Existing machine learning models of weather variability are not formulated to enable assessment of their response to varying external boundary conditions such as sea surface temperature and… 

Applying the ACE2 Emulator to SST Green's Functions for the E3SMv3 Global Atmosphere Model

Elynn WuF. RebassooPappu PaulChristopher S. Bretherton
2025
arXiv

Green's functions are a useful technique for interpreting atmospheric state responses to changes in the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature (SST). Here we train version 2 of the Ai2 Climate… 

Skilful global seasonal predictions from a machine learning weather model trained on reanalysis data

Chris KentAdam A. ScaifeN. DunstoneOliver Watt-Meyer
2025
arXiv

Machine learning weather models trained on observed atmospheric conditions can outperform conventional physics-based models at short- to medium-range (1-14 day) forecast timescales. Here we take the… 

ACE2-SOM: Coupling an ML atmospheric emulator to a slab ocean and learning the sensitivity of climate to changed CO$_2$

Spencer ClarkOliver Watt‐MeyerAnna KwaLucas M. Harris
2024
arXiv

While autoregressive machine-learning-based emulators have been trained to produce stable and accurate rollouts in the climate of the present-day and recent past, none so far have been trained to… 

Application of the AI2 Climate Emulator to E3SMv2's global atmosphere model, with a focus on precipitation fidelity

James P. C. DuncanElynn WuJean-Christoph Golazand Christopher S. Bretherton
2024
Journal of Geophysical Research - Machine Learning

Can the current successes of global machine learning-based weather simulators be generalized beyond 2-week forecasts to stable and accurate multiyear runs? The recently developed AI2 Climate… 

Pushing the frontiers in climate modelling and analysis with machine learning

V. EyringWilliam D. CollinsPierre GentineLaure Zanna
2024
Nature Climate Change

Climate modelling and analysis are facing new demands to enhance projections and climate information. Here we argue that now is the time to push the frontiers of machine learning beyond… 

Weather and climate predicted accurately — without using a supercomputer

Oliver Watt-Meyer
2024
Nature

A cutting-edge global model of the atmosphere combines machine learning with a numerical model based on the laws of physics. This ‘hybrid’ system accurately predicts the weather — and even shows… 

Climate sensitivity and relative humidity changes in global storm-resolving model simulations of climate change

T. MerlisKai-Yuan ChengIlai GuendelmanStephan Fueglistaler
2024
Science Advances

The climate simulation frontier of a global storm-resolving model (GSRM; or k-scale model because of its kilometer-scale horizontal resolution) is deployed for climate change simulations. The… 

Probabilistic Emulation of a Global Climate Model with Spherical DYffusion

Salva Rühling CachayBrian HennOliver Watt‐MeyerRose Yu
2024
ICML•ML4ESM

Data-driven deep learning models are on the verge of transforming global weather forecasting. It is an open question if this success can extend to climate modeling, where long inference rollouts and… 

The precipitation response to warming and CO2 increase: A comparison of a global storm resolving model and CMIP6 models.

Ilai GuendelmanTimothy M. MerlisKai-Yuan ChengStephan Fueglistaler
2024
Geophysical Research Letters

Global storm-resolving models (GSRMs) can explicitly resolve some of deep convection are now being integrated for climate timescales. GSRMs are able to simulate more realistic precipitation… 

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